Cardiac-specific deletion of heat shock protein 60 induces mitochondrial stress and disrupts heart development in mice.

Congenital heart diseases are the most common birth defects around the world. Emerging evidence suggests that mitochondrial homeostasis is required for normal heart development. In mitochondria, a series of molecular chaperones including heat shock protein 60 (HSP60) are engaged in assisting the import and folding of mitochondrial proteins. However, it remains largely obscure whether and how these mitochondrial chaperones regulate cardiac development. Here, we generated a cardiac-specific Hspd1 deletion mouse model by αMHC-Cre and investigated the role of HSP60 in cardiac development. We observed that deletion of HSP60 in embryonic cardiomyocytes resulted in abnormal heart development and embryonic lethality, characterized by reduced cardiac cell proliferation and thinner ventricular walls, highlighting an essential role of cardiac HSP60 in embryonic heart development and survival. Our results also demonstrated that HSP60 deficiency caused significant downregulation of mitochondrial ETC subunits and induced mitochondrial stress. Analysis of gene expression revealed that P21 that negatively regulates cell proliferation is significantly upregulated in HSP60 knockout hearts. Moreover, HSP60 deficiency induced activation of eIF2α-ATF4 pathway, further indicating the underlying mitochondrial stress in cardiomyocytes after HSP60 deletion. Taken together, our study demonstrated that regular function of mitochondrial chaperones is pivotal for maintaining normal mitochondrial homeostasis and embryonic heart development.

Cardiac lipidomic profiles in mice undergo changes from fetus to adult.

AIMS: Lipids are essential cellular components with many important biological functions. Disturbed lipid biosynthesis and metabolism has been shown to cause cardiac developmental abnormality and cardiovascular diseases. In this study, we aimed to investigate the composition and the molecular profiles of lipids in mammalian hearts between embryonic and adult stages and uncover the underlying links between lipid and cardiac development and maturation. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We collected mouse hearts at the embryonic day 11.5 (E11.5), E15.5, and the age of 2 months, 4 months and 10 months, and performed lipidomic analysis to determine the changes of the composition, molecular species, and relative abundance of cardiac lipids between embryonic and adult stages. Additionally, we also performed the electronic microscopy and RNA sequencing in both embryonic and adult mouse hearts. KEY FINDINGS: The relative abundances of certain phospholipids and sphingolipids including cardiolipin, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, and ceramide, are different between embryonic and adult hearts. Such lipidomic changes are accompanied with increased densities of mitochondrial membranes and elevated expression of genes related to mitochondrial formation in adult mouse hearts. We also analyzed individual molecular species of phospholipids and sphingolipids, and revealed that the composition and distribution of lipid molecular species in hearts also change with development. SIGNIFICANCE: Our study provides not only a lipidomic view of mammalian hearts when developing from the embryonic to the adult stage, but also a potential pool of lipid indicators for cardiac cell development and maturation.

Cardiolipin Remodeling Defects Impair Mitochondrial Architecture and Function in a Murine Model of Barth Syndrome Cardiomyopathy.

BACKGROUND: Cardiomyopathy is a major clinical feature in Barth syndrome (BTHS), an X-linked mitochondrial lipid disorder caused by mutations in Tafazzin (TAZ), encoding a mitochondrial acyltransferase required for cardiolipin remodeling. Despite recent description of a mouse model of BTHS cardiomyopathy, an in-depth analysis of specific lipid abnormalities and mitochondrial form and function in an in vivo BTHS cardiomyopathy model is lacking. METHODS: We performed in-depth assessment of cardiac function, cardiolipin species profiles, and mitochondrial structure and function in our newly generated Taz cardiomyocyte-specific knockout mice and Cre-negative control mice (n≥3 per group). RESULTS: Taz cardiomyocyte-specific knockout mice recapitulate typical features of BTHS and mitochondrial cardiomyopathy. Fewer than 5% of cardiomyocyte-specific knockout mice exhibited lethality before 2 months of age, with significantly enlarged hearts. More than 80% of cardiomyocyte-specific knockout displayed ventricular dilation at 16 weeks of age and survived until 50 weeks of age. Full parameter analysis of cardiac cardiolipin profiles demonstrated lower total cardiolipin concentration, abnormal cardiolipin fatty acyl composition, and elevated monolysocardiolipin to cardiolipin ratios in Taz cardiomyocyte-specific knockout, relative to controls. Mitochondrial contact site and cristae organizing system and F1F0-ATP synthase complexes, required for cristae morphogenesis, were abnormal, resulting in onion-shaped mitochondria. Organization of high molecular weight respiratory chain supercomplexes was also impaired. In keeping with observed mitochondrial abnormalities, seahorse experiments demonstrated impaired mitochondrial respiration capacity. CONCLUSIONS: Our mouse model mirrors multiple physiological and biochemical aspects of BTHS cardiomyopathy. Our results give important insights into the underlying cause of BTHS cardiomyopathy and provide a framework for testing therapeutic approaches to BTHS cardiomyopathy, or other mitochondrial-related cardiomyopathies.

Homozygous G650del nexilin variant causes cardiomyopathy in mice.

Nexilin (NEXN) was recently identified as a component of the junctional membrane complex required for development and maintenance of cardiac T-tubules. Loss of Nexn in mice leads to a rapidly progressive dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) and premature death. A 3 bp deletion (1948-1950del) leading to loss of the glycine in position 650 (G650del) is classified as a variant of uncertain significance in humans and may function as an intermediate risk allele. To determine the effect of the G650del variant on cardiac structure and function, we generated a G645del-knockin (G645del is equivalent to human G650del) mouse model. Homozygous G645del mice express about 30% of the Nexn expressed by WT controls and exhibited a progressive DCM characterized by reduced T-tubule formation, with disorganization of the transverse-axial tubular system. On the other hand, heterozygous Nexn global KO mice and genetically engineered mice encoding a truncated Nexn missing the first N-terminal actin-binding domain exhibited normal cardiac function, despite expressing only 50% and 20% of the Nexn, respectively, expressed by WT controls, suggesting that not only quantity but also quality of Nexn is necessary for a proper function. These findings demonstrated that Nexn G645 is crucial for Nexn's function in tubular system organization and normal cardiac function.

Nexilin Is Necessary for Maintaining the Transverse-Axial Tubular System in Adult Cardiomyocytes.

BACKGROUND: NEXN (nexilin) is a protein of the junctional membrane complex required for development of cardiac T-tubules. Global and cardiomyocyte-specific loss of Nexn in mice leads to a rapidly progressive dilated cardiomyopathy and premature death. Therefore, little is known as to the role of NEXN in adult cardiomyocytes. Transverse-axial tubular system remodeling are well-known features in heart failure. Although NEXN is required during development for T-tubule formation, its role, if any, in mature T-tubules remains to be addressed. METHODS: Nexn inducible adult cardiomyocyte-specific KO mice were generated. Comprehensive morphological and functional analyses were performed. Heart samples (n>3) were analyzed by molecular, biochemical, and electron microscopy analyses. Isolated single adult cardiomyocytes were analyzed by confocal microscopy, and myocyte shortening/re-lengthening and Ca2+ transient studies were conducted. RESULTS: Inducible cardiomyocyte-specific loss of Nexn in adult mice resulted in a dilated cardiomyopathy with reduced cardiac function (13% reduction in percentage fractional shortening; P<0.05). In vivo and in vitro analyses of adult mouse heart samples revealed that NEXN was essential for optimal contraction and calcium handling and was required for maintenance of T-tubule network organization (transverse tubular component in Nexn inducible adult cardiomyocyte-specific KO mice reduced by 40% with respect to controls, P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Results here reported reveal NEXN to be a pivotal component of adult junctional membrane complexes required for maintenance of transverse-axial tubular architecture. These results demonstrate that NEXN plays an essential role in the adult cardiomyocyte and give further understanding of pathological mechanisms responsible for cardiomyopathy in patients carrying mutations in the NEXN gene.

Three new compounds with nitric oxide inhibitory activity from Tirpitzia sinensis, an ethnomedicinal plant from Southwest China.

The medicinal plant Tirpitzia sinensis has been used by the Zhuang ethnic people in mountainous areas of Southwest China to stop bleeding, invigorate blood circulation, and treat inflammation and wounds. In order to further explore its traditional medicinal uses, the phytochemical constituents of this species were examined. Three new compounds, the lignan tirpitzin (1), the flavonoid tirpitzoside (2), and the furan-glycoside tirpitziol (3), along with five known compounds were isolated from the aerial part of T. sinensis for the first time. The structures of these compounds were elucidated by 1D and 2D NMR, LC/MS, IR spectrometric methods and compared with published data. The results of an in silico pharmacophore-based analysis showed potential targets of the new compounds, including ERBB2, IRAK4, LCK, JAK2, MAPK14, and MMP-12. These targets suggested that 1-3 may be involved with wound-healing and/or inflammation, leading to an in vitro assay of nitric oxide (NO) inhibition assays with lipopolysaccharide-induced BV-2 cells. All three new compounds displayed moderate NO inhibitory activity with the IC50 values of 14.97 ± 0.87, 26.63 ± 1.32, and 17.09 ± 2.3 µM, respectively.

Important poisonous plants in tibetan ethnomedicine.

Tibetan ethnomedicine is famous worldwide, both for its high effectiveness and unique cultural background. Many poisonous plants have been widely used to treat disorders in the Tibetan medicinal system. In the present review article, some representative poisonous plant species are introduced in terms of their significance in traditional Tibetan medicinal practices. They are Aconitum pendulum, Strychnos nux-vomica, Datura stramonium and Anisodus tanguticus, for which the toxic chemical constituents, bioactivities and pharmacological functions are reviewed herein. The most important toxins include aconitine, strychnine, scopolamine, and anisodamine. These toxic plants are still currently in use for pain-reduction and other purposes by Tibetan healers after processing.

[Impact of endocrine disrupting chemicals on birth outcomes]. / Effets des perturbateurs endocriniens sur les marqueurs de la périnatalité

BACKGROUND: Endocrine disruptors are ubiquitous chemicals contaminants in the environment, wildlife, and humans. Their adverse effects on reproduction are well-documented. There is growing evidence that they can contribute to the current emergence of chronic diseases. OBJECTIVES: Our aim is to assess the relationships between endocrine disruptors and the neonatal health outcomes. METHODS: Two persons have independently reviewed Medline and Toxline databases about the following pollutants: bisphenol A, phthalates, parabens, brominated flame retardants and perfluorinated compounds. Only the human epidemiological studies, in general population with an abstract available, published between 2007 January the 1st and 2011 December the 31st, were analysed. The quality of each study was assessed with the Strobe score. RESULTS: Twenty-five out of 680 studies were included in the analysis. All pollutants were widely detected in maternal and new borns samples. Most of the studies have shown associations between bisphenol A, brominated flame retardants and perfluorinated compounds and lower birth weight. The effects on gestational age were less documented and have shown no clear connection. Results for phthalates were more ambiguous. Only one non-instructive study was found on parabens. DISCUSSION: Due to the inherent methological bias on endocrine disruptors research, further additional studies on environmental health must be investigated. It seems necessary to adopt preventive health measures first for vulnerable population.